编译|冯维维

Science, 1 November 2024, Volume 386, Issue 6721

《科学》2024年11月1日，第386卷，6721期

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生物学Biology

A molecular mechanism for bright color variation in parrots

鹦鹉艳丽色彩转变的份子机制

▲ 作者：ROBERTO ARBORE, SORAIA BARBOSA, JINDICH BREJCHA, YOHEY OGAWA, YU LIUMICHA?L P. J. NICOLA?, PAULO PEREIRA, STEPHEN J. SABATINO, ALISON CLOUTIER, AND MIGUEL CARNEIRO

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp7710

▲摘要：

尽人皆知，鹦鹉的艳丽色彩是由一种叫作鹦鹉黄嘌呤的色素决议的，但这些色彩的份子根本依然未知。Arbore等人利用基因表达、染色质可和性和全基因组联系关系研究来肯定暗色鹦鹉红色和黄色的遗传根本。

研究者在一种介入脂肪醛氧化的酶四周发现了一种假定的因果变异，并在酵母中测试了这类基因，以确认其发生色素转变的能力。研究中普遍的生化和遗传学工作有助在人们领会非模式生物的色彩，为将来对鹦鹉和其他鸟类色素冷静的研究打开年夜门。

▲ Abstract：

The bright coloration of parrots is known to be determined by pigments known as psittacofulvins, but the molecular basis of these colors is still unknown. Arbore et al. used gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and genome-wide association studies to identify the genetic underpinning of red and yellow coloration in the dusky lory. The authors identified a putative causal variant near an enzyme involved in fatty aldehyde oxidation and tested this gene in yeast to confirm its ability to produce a pigment change. The extensive biochemical and genetics work in this study aids in our understanding of coloration in a nonmodel organism, opening the door for future studies into parrot and other avian pigmentation

Acoustic cognitive map–based navigation in echolocating bats

蝙蝠的反响定位声学认知地图导航

▲ 作者：AYA GOLDSHTEIN, XING CHEN, ERAN AMICHAI, ARJAN BOONMAN, LEE HARTEN, OMER YINON, YOTAM ORCHAN, RAN NATHAN, SIVAN TOLEDO, AND YOSSI YOVEL

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn6269

▲摘要：

蝙蝠以其操纵反响定位遁藏障碍物和肯定标的目的的能力而著名。但是，蝙蝠在多年夜水平上操纵它们高度局部和定向的反响定位进行千米规模的导航是未知的。研究者转移了野生库尔氏pipistrelle蝙蝠，并在把持它们的视觉、磁和嗅觉的同时跟踪它们的归航能力，并利用一种新的反向GPS系统正确地跟踪它们。

研究注解，蝙蝠可以在移动后辨认它们的位置，并仅利用反响定位进行几千米的基在地图的导航。这一不雅点获得了年夜范围反响定位模子的进一步撑持，该模子揭露了蝙蝠若何操纵情况声学信息进行基在声学认知地图的导航。研究还注解，当利用反响定位和视觉时，导航获得了改良。

▲ Abstract：

Bats are known for their ability to use echolocation for obstacle avoidance and orientation. However, the extent to which bats utilize their highly local and directional echolocation for kilometer-scale navigation is unknown. In this study, we translocated wild Kuhl’s pipistrelle bats and tracked their homing abilities while manipulating their visual, magnetic, and olfactory sensing and accurately tracked them using a new reverse GPS system. We show that bats can identify their location after translocation and conduct several-kilometer map-based navigation using solely echolocation. This proposition was further supported by a large-scale echolocation model disclosing how bats use environmental acoustic information to perform acoustic cognitive map–based navigation. We also demonstrate that navigation is improved when using both echolocation and vision.

化学Chemistry

A solution to the anti-Bredt olefin synthesis problem

反布雷特烯烃合成问题的解决方式

▲ 作者：LUCA MCDERMOTT, ZACH G. WALTERS, SARAH A. FRENCH, ALLISON M. CLARK, JIAMING DING, ANDREW V. KELLEGHAN, K. N. HOUK, AND NEIL K. GARG

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq3519

▲摘要：

一百年前，朱利叶斯 布雷特颁发了一项不雅察成果：某些份子将几个相邻的碳中间限制在特定的非平面摆列中，它们之间不克不及构成双键。这些设想的双键被称为“反布雷特”烯烃，虽然偶然会有相反的暗示，但它们是不成接近的学说依然遍及存在。

McDermott等人此刻陈述了一种遍及策略，将这些烯烃制备为可在环加成反映中捕捉的短暂中心体。该和谈依靠在前体构成硅氟键的驱动力，这近似在用在获得重要芳烃的方式。

▲ Abstract：

One hundred years ago, Julius Bredt published an observation that certain molecules that constrained several adjacent carbon centers in a particular nonplanar arrangement could not form double bonds between them. These hypothetical double bonds became known as “anti-Bredt olefins, and the doctrine that they were inaccessible remains widespread even with the occasional hint to the contrary. McDermott et al. now report a general strategy to prepare these olefins as fleeting intermediates that can be captured in cycloaddition reactions. The protocol relies on the driving force of silicon-fluorine bond formation from a precursor, which is akin to approaches used to access strained aromatics.

Cooperative adsorbate binding catalyzes high-temperature hydrogen oxidation on palladium

协同吸附连系催化钯的高温氢氧化

▲ 作者：MICHAEL SCHWARZER, DMITRIY BORODIN, YINGQI WANG, JAN FINGERHUT, THEOFANIS N. KITSOPOULOS, DANIEL J. AUERBACH, HUA GUO, AND ALEC M. WODTKE

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk1334

▲摘要：

注释非均相催化剂加快反映性的原子标准布局凡是只在高温高压的反映前提下构成，这使得它们不成能用低温、超高真空的方式不雅察到。研究者提出了在普遍的概况浓度和高温下钯催化氢氧化的速度分辩动力学丈量。

速度表示出对氧笼盖和台阶密度的复杂依靠，这可以用密度泛函和基在过渡态理论的动力学模子来定量注释，该模子触及最少三个氧原子在台阶上的协同不变构型。在这里，两个氧原子将第三个氧原子招募到四周的连系位点，从而发生比孤立氧原子活性更强的活性布局。是以，钯上的氢氧化为若何在工作催化剂上加强反映性供给了一个清晰的例子。

▲ Abstract：

Atomic-scale structures that account for the acceleration of reactivity by heterogeneous catalysts often form only under reaction conditions of high temperatures and pressures, making them impossible to observe with low-temperature, ultra-high-vacuum methods. We present velocity-resolved kinetics measurements for catalytic hydrogen oxidation on palladium over a wide range of surface concentrations and at high temperatures. The rates exhibit a complex dependence on oxygen coverage and step density, which can be quantitatively explained by a density functional and transition-state theory–based kinetic model involving a cooperatively stabilized configuration of at least three oxygen atoms at steps. Here, two oxygen atoms recruit a third oxygen atom to a nearby binding site to produce an active configuration that is far more reactive than isolated oxygen atoms. Thus, hydrogen oxidation on palladium provides a clear example of how reactivity can be enhanced on a working catalyst.

物理学Physics

right dipolar excitons in twisted black phosphorus homostructures

扭曲黑磷同质布局中的亮偶极激子

▲ 作者：SHENYANG HUANG, BOYANG YU, YIXUAN MA, CHENGHAO PAN, JUNWEI MA, YUXUAN ZHOU, YAOZHENGHANG MA, KE YANG, HUA WU, AND HUGEN YAN

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq2977

▲摘要：

敞亮的偶极激子含有电偶极子，具有较高的振子强度，是研究量子现象的抱负平台。它们凡是依托两个量子阱或两层之间的载流子地道与非偶极激子杂化以取得振子强度。研究者发现了一种新型的敞亮红外偶极激子，经由过程堆叠90°扭曲的黑磷布局。

这些激子固有的重建带布局表示出高振子强度。最主要的是，它们继续了黑磷线性极化，这使得光偏振可以用来选择偶极子标的目的。另外，偶极矩和共振能量可以经由过程黑磷的厚度进行普遍的调谐。研究成果为摸索可调谐相干偶极激子供给了一个有效的平台。

▲ Abstract：

Bright dipolar excitons, which contain electrical dipoles and have high oscillator strength, are an ideal platform for studying correlated quantum phenomena. They usually rely on carrier tunneling between two quantum wells or two layers to hybridize with nondipolar excitons to gain oscillator strength. In this work, we uncovered a new type of bright infrared dipolar exciton by stacking 90°-twisted black phosphorus (BP) structures. These excitons, inherent to the reconstructed band structure, exhibit high oscillator strength. Most importantly, they inherit the linear polarization from BP, which allows light polarization to be used to select the dipole direction. Moreover, the dipole moment and resonance energy can be widely tuned by the thickness of the BP. Our results demonstrate a useful platform for exploring tunable correlated dipolar excitons.

A self-regenerative heat pump based on a dual-functional relaxor ferroelectric polymer

基在双功能弛豫铁电聚合物的自蓄热式热泵

▲ 作者：HANXIANG WU, YUAN ZHU, WENZHONG YAN, SIYU ZHANG, WILLIAM BUDIMAN, KEDE LIU, JIANGHAN WU, YUAN MENG, XUN ZHAO, AND QIBING PEI

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr2268

▲摘要：

电热材料可以经由过程由电场激发的相变来泵送热量。但是，设计连结年夜温差的装备可能具有挑战性。

Wu等人利用铁电聚合物层设计了一种热泵，这类聚合物在电场感化下也会改变外形。几个聚合物薄膜堆叠的级联供给有用的热传递，到达14 K的温差。这类冷却不需要流体或其他增添系统复杂性的策略。

▲ Abstract：

Electrocaloric materials can pump heat through a phase transition triggered by an electric field. However, designing devices that maintain a large temperature difference can be challenging. Wu et al. designed a heat pump using layers of a ferroelectric polymer that also changes shape under an electric field. A cascade of several polymer film stacks provides efficient thermal transfer, reaching a temperature differential of 14 K. This cooling is accomplished without needing fluids or other strategies that increase the complexity of the system.

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